It has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and special antimicrobial mechanism.
![median xl cow level 40-50 median xl cow level 40-50](https://i.imgur.com/HHG8XKh.jpg)
Tracheal antimicrobial peptide, a β-defensin, was firstly discovered in 1991 ( 16). The biological activity, expression regulation, and genetic engineering of defensins have always been the focus of research.
![median xl cow level 40-50 median xl cow level 40-50](https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/diablo/images/8/8b/NotTheCowLevel_DiabloIII_Entry.png)
It is mainly distributed in the mucosal layer of various organs of mammals and birds, and is also widely expressed in breast tissue, which plays an important role in breast resistance to microbial infection and maintenance of normal physiological functions ( 15). β-defensins are potential antimicrobial that can protect against respiratory pathogens in cattle ( 14). Studies on therapeutic strategies with bacteriophages ( 9), nanoparticles ( 10), cytokines ( 11), natural compounds ( 12), and antimicrobials ( 13) have the potential to become novel effective methods. Mastitis is a lasting and difficult problem that still challenges the global dairy industry.Īntibiotic-free approaches aimed at curing or relieving mastitis symptoms have been investigated to overcome these obstacles ( 8). Cow breeds from the mastitis resistance breeding procedure can hardly meet all economic parameters perfectly, such as a decrease in milk production ( 6). For example, the routine use of antibiotics may lead to antibiotic resistance ( 7). However, these approaches still have various limitations. For breeding mastitis-resistant dairy cattle, approaches through both traditional breeding methods, including comparing innate immune response patterns and metabolic parameters, and recent studies to find molecular markers through epigenetic and genome sequencing are attempting to improve cow resistance to mastitis ( 6). At present, to reduce economic losses, most farms set up mastitis management programs, such as routine antibiotic therapy, culling cows with chronic infections, and monitoring milk somatic cell numbers ( 5). The primary reason for mastitis is bacterial infection one of the most problematic pathogens is Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive pathogen that infects between 3 and 15% of dairy cows in a herd ( 4). This study demonstrated that the mammary gland tissue-specific expression vector could be used to introduce antimicrobial peptide both in in vitro and in vivo and will provide a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of bovine mastitis.Ĭow mastitis is one of the most prevalent domestic animal diseases and leads to reduced milk production, increased veterinary cost, and early culling ( 1– 3). In addition, significant antibacterial effects were observed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments when introducing this vector to bovine-associated Staphylococcus aureus-treated pBMECs and mice, respectively.
![median xl cow level 40-50 median xl cow level 40-50](https://i.imgur.com/U5SJfCD.jpg)
The results showed that the vector driven by the β -lactoglobulin gene ( BLG) promoter could efficiently direct the expression of TAP in pBMECs and the mammary gland tissue of mice. Hence, in this study, we constructed a mammary gland tissue-specific expression vector carrying the antimicrobial peptide of bovine-derived tracheal antimicrobial peptide ( TAP) and evaluated it in both primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pBMECs) and mice.
![median xl cow level 40-50 median xl cow level 40-50](https://i.imgur.com/BkWj8NC.jpg)
However, there are limited antibiotic-free therapeutic strategies that can effectively relieve bacterial infection of bovine mammary glands.
MEDIAN XL COW LEVEL 40 50 SERIES
The use of antibiotics causes a series of problems, especially the formation of bacterial antimicrobial resistance. Bovine mastitis is perplexing the dairy industry since the initiation of intensive dairy farming, which has caused a reduction in the productivity of cows and an escalation in costs.